The Global Economic Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Global Economic Crisis Essay The current worldwide money related has generated a reestablished enthusiasm among business analysts and policymakers to distinguish its causes and to think of potential arrangements. There were various money related emergencies that have occurred in the twentieth century, a significant number of which inspired frenzy that the entire economy was at the skirt of breakdown (Karabell). Nations recently influenced by financial emergencies appear to bounce back, with upgrades in FICO scores and returns of remote capital. In spite of the exercises gained from the past emergencies, it is inescapable for history to rehash itself. Additionally, not even the world’s most grounded economy is invulnerable from this horrendous destiny. The emergency in the US contract industry began the arrangement of sad occasions that prompted the enormous financial emergency. The recognition that land costs would rise urged budgetary organizations to release their guidelines to borrowers (Shiller 29). Notwithstanding, this financial lull was not contained in the home loan industry. Months after the underlying indications of such stoppage, greater budgetary organizations have been hit of what has become a worldwide monetary emergency. It resembled dominoes falling one just after another: The destruction of Lehman Brothers tipped to the surge offer of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America, trailed by the government takeover of AIG (Duffy). Presently that the U. S. government has conceded a $7-billion bailout, the U. S. monetary market shows promising possibilities of recuperation. However, none can be of faultless conviction with regards to its maintainability (Sahadi). It is difficult to account at this early purpose of time the adequacy of the bailout. What is conceivable is to perceive what's going on and to make fundamental strides in the rebuilding of the institutional establishments of the money related economy. These incorporate taking short-run solutions for put a stop at any rate to the proceeding with impediments of the emergency and to utilize long haul changes that would lessen, if not thoroughly destroy, the danger of another worldwide monetary emergency. Works Cited Duffy, Michael. â€Å"After the Financial Crisis, a Cleanup That Changes Everything. † Time Magazine. 22 September 2008. 28 October 2008 http://www. time. com/time/business/article/0,8599,1843213,00.html. . Karabell, Zachary. â€Å"In A Few Fateful Days. † Newsweek. 18 October 2008. 28 October 2008 http://www. newsweek. com/id/164593. Sahadi, Jeanne. â€Å"Bailout is law: President Bush signs noteworthy $700 billion arrangement planned for stemming credit emergency. † CNNMoney. 4 October 2008. 28 October 2008 http://cash. cnn. com/2008/10/03/news/economy/house_friday_bailout/list. htm? postversion=2008100309 Shiller, Robert J. The Subprime Solution: How Todays Global Financial Crisis Happened, and What to Do about It. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008.

Business Law - brief case using FIRAC method. and more Essay

Business Law - brief case utilizing FIRAC technique. and that's only the tip of the iceberg - Essay Example Consequently, an individual is viewed as at risk for carelessness on the off chance that the person has withdrawn or abuses the lead which is anticipated from a â€Å"reasonably reasonable person† who is acting under a similar condition (Buswell 41). On account of Duncan versus Association Pacific, the court tried to set up whether there was carelessness with respect to the Union Pacific, and specific how its train was worked. The court discovered that there was no proof to show that the train was worked carelessly, and that its admonition chimes, whistles, and front lamp were all around actuated before moving toward the intersection. Paul Kleinman, the administrator of the train had seen the vehicle drawing nearer however he trusted it would stop. Be that as it may, the vehicle didn't stop and it was past the point of no return for him to stop the train and abstain from hitting the vehicle. Also, the Utah Department of Transportation was fulfilled that the railroad crossing had met all the necessary wellbeing gauges; the court was hence fulfilled that the condition of the intersection was acceptable and it couldn't be credited to the mishap. Despite the fact that the court agreed that the railroad crossing is dangerous, its basi c presence was not in itself a break of obligation of care (a key component in setting up carelessness). John O. Hairstons kicked the bucket because of an impact on the South Fork River Bridge on 17 April 1978. Hairston arranged the acquisition of a 1978 Lincoln Continental vehicle on Friday, 14 April 1978, at Haygood Lincoln Mercury, Inc. in Lowell, North Carolina. Clearly, as he paused, the administration office workers at Haygoods supplanted the standard wheels with turbine wheels from another car. In the wake of going for roughly 3.5 miles following finish of exchange at Haygood, the left back wheel of the new Lincoln vehicle fell off. From that point, he was hit by a G.M.C truck worked by Robert Alexander and he passed on. Alexander Tank contended that Haygood’s carelessness was the proximate reason for Hairston’s passing. The standard of law

Essay Sample Information Technology

Essay Sample Information Technology Essay Sample: Information Technology Abstract In the modern business environment, video conferencing has become a pivotal part of business meetings. This is particularly significant because it enables face-to-face boardroom meetings among people worlds apart. This is regardless of the weather, flight delays and other obstacles. It is efficient, saves time, and there is increased productivity. This essay gives an insight into using a video conferencing tool called OmnilJohnTM. It also shows the processing hardware and software used in this video conferencing. Information Technology In this video conferencing, the OmnilJoinTM is the video conferencing tool that will be used in collaborating with the team from India. This video conferencing tool provides the perfect business experience in video conferencing. This includes; multi-party video, boardroom quality and a smoothly synched audio. It allows one to scale from web resolutions that are low to full High Density 1080p which makes this video conferencing tool the best online meeting service that companies and corporates need for boardroom settings whether large or small).  It has a dynamic, high-density intelligent video technology, which responds to display changes, layout sizes, and avails a bandwidth that is real-time, which allows all participants to get the optimal video experience in varying network conditions. With Omnijoin, it is possible to share anything that can be accessed to one’s computer, which includes presentations and documents, entire desktops and applications. Furthermore, one can access a dvanced tools used in collaboration like white boarding and media file sharing. It has an enhanced echo cancellation VoIP that allows one to be heard clearly and to hear clearly. It does not allow the frustrations that are usually common in other systems.  The following are several processing hardware, Central Processing Unit and memory requirements that will be needed in tackling this: A personal computer and laptops will be used. They have to have a speaker, webcam and microphones so as to facilitate a video conference. Those computers, which do not have these facilities, will have to use NW-1000 webcam which offers clear and crisp videos having a complete image quality of HD1080, a universal mount and dual microphones. They will also use a VT-1000 personal speakerphone, which is a powerful and portable solution used in conducting video conferences. The speakerphone is user friendly and it provides clear and crisp voice calling. It also has advanced audio features that reduce noises and echoes. A Central Processing Unit having a minimum memory of 4GB for the hosts or presenters and 2GB for the participants. This is because video conferencing uses up a lot of Random Access Memory; hence the more one has, the faster the video will be conveyed without interruptions. A Hard Disk Drive memory of up to 100 MB is required for both the participants and the hosts. This will be necessary for data storage and retrieval of digital information. For the hosts, the CPU type that is recommended is Core2Quad. This is preferred to Core 2 Duo because Core 2 Duo has two processing cores while Core 2 Quad has four processing cores. In video conferencing, multi-tasking is essential. The more the cores in the computer, the more the computer is able to multi-task. It is also able to work more efficiently and better because it allows the working engines to distribute the workload amongst themselves. Furthermore, one does not have to alternate video cards. The participants can use Core2Duo, Pentium 4 or Intel i3. Since they are only participating, the work engines do not necessarily have to be many. For the internet connection, the hosts will need a High-Speed internet Broadband Access with a minimum of 1 Megabyte per second upstream and 4 megabyte per second downstream. This is because broadband access is a key factor in gaining internet access. The speed is also vital in determining the quality of the video and audio in video conferencing. The broadband technology is necessary because it is a high-speed internet connection. For the participants, they will also need a high-speed internet access broadband with a minimum of 512-Kilo bytes per second upstream and 4 Megabytes per second downstream. A DirectX is also necessary. This is a set of application programming interfaces that handle tasks, which are related to multimedia especially in video on Microsoft platforms. It allows direct video card access and incorporates high performance multimedia. For the hosts, they will use DirectX 9.1. This will apply to the participants as well. Video card required having 512 Megabytes video Random Access Memory. The video card will be inserted into the computer via an AGP slot. Its main function is to process images. The main purpose for using a video card is because in the event that a computer lacks a video card, it has to divide the processing power, but a video card processes the video in place of the computer. In the end, one achieves an improved performance and better graphics of the images. A Chart showing the Video Card, Hard Disk and CPU Performance

Nursing Dissertations - Diabetes Mellitus Affects About 2% Of The UK Population - Nursing Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2686 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? A holistic nurse prescribing: a case study Introduction Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing Dissertations Diabetes Mellitus Affects About 2% Of The UK Population Nursing Dissertations" essay for you Create order 1 the patient and their presenting symptoms. Mr Pickles presents an interesting, complex and therapeutically challenging problem. In essence he is a gentleman with multisystem pathology who presents with an almost incidental finding which he was clearly reluctant to discuss. It is a common finding amongst experienced healthcare professionals that in any consultation it is the last 30 seconds which is the most important. As the patient stands up to go, there is the just while Im here moment when they can bring up an issue that really troubles them and may not be the real presented reason for the consultation. In this essay we shall discuss the various aspects of this situation and the measures we can take to try to help him. (Parker and Lawton 2003) 2.a holistic assessment of the pt, including any relevant medical social and psychological issues. If we start with the initial presenting symptom under discussion the impotence it is easier to work backwards from that to discuss the possible pathophysiology that can be relevant. Impotence is said to occur whenever the male fails to get an erection when it is required. This, in itself is neither unusual nor necessarily pathological. It becomes a significant symptom when the male repeatedly fails to get an erection that is sufficient for intercourse. It is quite possible to get full spontaneous erections and yet still be impotent. This is one of the major diagnostic features that distinguishes the psychogenic impotence from the purely physical. (Ackerman MD, Carey MP. 1995) There are a number of obvious physical causes of erectile dysfunction that are relevant to Mr Pickles (see on), but equally there are a number of possible psychogenic causes that may be either primary factors or possibly secondary contributory factors in the aetiology of his problems. The fact that he has recently undergone major cardiac surgery is a very relevant factor. Patients will frequently suffer from a major change in body perception when they have come to a close realisation of their own mortality. If we add to this the fact that, as the major breadwinner in the family, it is likely that Mr Pickles would have felt a major blow to his self-esteem when he was made redundant from a responsible high esteem job and forced to become a taxi driver with long working hours. This is quite apart from the anxiety and fatigue that such a job would engender.(Beck J. 1995) It is possible that the medication that Mr Pickles is taking may have a bearing on his erectile dysfunction as the male erection is dependent on the hydrostatic pressure of the blood for its maintenance. Any medication that reduces the average blood pressure, will effectively reduce the capacity to acquire and maintain an erection. In addition to this the adrenergic beta-blocker group will also selectively block the sympathetic pathways that are vital to the neurovascular control of the mechanisms of erection. Pathophysiology of diabetes and impotence Both of these topics are huge subjects, so in this essay we will restrict out considerations to those aspects which are relevant to Mr Pickles and his problems. We know that Diabetes Mellitus affects about 2% of the UK population with a specifically higher incidence in both the Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities(Nathan 1998). There is also a marked genetic component in the development of Diabetes Mellitus. Mr Pickles has Type II diabetes mellitus which is associated with a number of factors including a high BMI and increasing age. At 56 yrs. old he is currently at the peak incidence age for Type II diabetes mellitus (Gregg et al. 2003). Diabetes Mellitus is known to be associated with a number of complications. The prevalence and incidence of the complications, in general, tends to increase with the length of time that the patient has been diabetic. There is also an independent variable for complications that is directly proportional to the degree of control (as measured by the HbA1 levels). In general terms, the better the control the lower the incidence of complications (Kissebah et al. 1999) As far as Mr Pickles is concerned, there are two major complications of Type II diabetes mellitus that are directly linked with impotence and they are cardio-(macro)vascular disease and neuropathy. (Wagner et al. 1998) We can deduce that Mr Pickles has macrovascular disease by virtue of the fact that he his recovering from a CABG. And this may well be a very relevant factor in his erectile dysfunction but also there is the question of neuropathy which typically occurs in about 2.4% of the general population, but this figure rises to above 8% in the diabetic patient over the age of 60 yrs. ( Hughes 2002) Impotence tends to occur, in varying degrees, in about 10-15% of men under 40 yrs. Its incidence increases with age to the extent that 40% of men at the age of 40 yrs report a degree of impotence and this prevalence rises to 70% at the age of 70 yrs. (Gregoire 1999). If we add to this basic clinical picture the fact that there are other factors such as hypertension, smoking, cardiac neurosis, loss of self-confidence, depression and iatrogenic causes (medication etc.) all of which may well be relevant to Mr Pickles, then it can be seen that there are a plethora of potential causes of his erectile dysfunction. (Barnes, DE. 2004) Both of the first two causes (hypertension and smoking) are independent risk factors for impotence, quite apart for the fact that they are also risk factors for the development of the macrovascular complications of Diabetes Mellitus (Bowering 2001) Mr Pickles diabetic state has been recently well controlled (HbA1 of 6.5%). This is important as the incidence of development of diabetic complications is reduced by between 34-76% (depending on the particular study) for every 10% reduction in the average HbA1 reading. (Bowering 2001). In addition to all of these considerations, atherosclerosis is also a major complication of Type II diabetes mellitus, which, presumably is relevant to Mr Pickles because of his CABG, and this may be a major factor in the development of his erectile dysfunction. Management plan 3.a plan/strategy based on critical understanding of physiological and pharmaceutical issues. Any management plan must firstly be based on an accurate diagnosis. At this point in time we do not have this luxury. As we have discussed, there are anyone of a huge number of possibilities in the aetiology of Mr Pickles erectile dysfunction problem. When confronted with a problem such as this, any experienced healthcare professional may reasonably chose to manage the problem by making a rational judgement of the probabilities of any one particular cause being relevant. Implicit in such a management strategy is the fact that there are some causes that my be correctable (iatrogenic, psychological, and life style related) and there are some that may not (macrovascular damage, neuropathy and atherosclerosis). It is reasonable, in such circumstances, to discuss the situation openly with Mr Pickles and discuss with him the various treatment options. Patient empowerment and education is a vital strategy to adopt in circumstances such as this as Mr Pickles is far more likely to comply and respond if he understands the rationale behind the treatment plan.(Howe and Anderson 2003) We would suggest that an appropriate strategy would be to initially tackle the situation on two fronts. The psychological aspects of the erectile dysfunction are probably best discussed with an experienced psychologist or councillor who has expertise in this particular area. This is important because there is a considerable skill in eliciting the relevant factors from the patient. Many patients are reticent about talking openly about their imitate sexual details and there has to be a careful build up of trust and empathy on both sides. Factors such as good eye contact and a non-judgemental body stance are essential on the part of the healthcare professional if the optimal result is to be obtained Not only can the issues that are relevant be explored, but also any one of a number of psychological treatment techniques can be employed. This is a matter of considerable clinical judgement and skill and therefore probably best done by an experienced healthcare professional in that area. The pharmaceutical area can also be addressed as Atenolol is clearly not the best anti hypertensive to use as, not only will it reduce the blood pressure (which it clearly is important to do) but it also produces a counter productive beta-blockade which will not help the erectile dysfunction problem. The difficulty is that, after the CABG, Atenolol does have a degree of action on the suppression of ectopic electrophysiological foci in the myocardium which is a recognised complication of the procedure. It also is thought to have a cardioprotective effect post-myocardial infarction. It is probably a good idea to change his anti-hypertensive medication, but in the circumstances, it is probably better to seek the advice of the surgical team who performed the CABG. before making the transition. The question of Viagra has been raised by Mr Pickles. This is not as straight forward as it might initially appear. Viagra has been shown to work well in these circumstances. It has the downside that it allows sexual intercourse which is associated with increased peaks of blood pressure. As Mr Pickles is still in the postoperative recovery phase (16 weeks) it would again be sensible to consult with the surgical team as to their advice on the issue. The other problem with Viagra is that if it transpires that the long term aetiology is actually psychological rather than purely physical, then the prescription of Viagra will often breed a feeling of psychological dependence which may firstly be both inappropriate and unnecessary and secondly, very hard to break. It is probably therefore inappropriate to consider such options at this stage in the management. 4.legal and professional accountability should be discussed. The legal and professional issues are largely covered in the making of a management plan. In any area of professional competence, the best defence against criticism or censure, is the fact that a healthcare professional works from a rational evidence-based plan. It is for this reason that we have set out the rational and reasoning for the plan that we have chosen to adopt. It is actually quite permissible (legally) for a healthcare professional to be wrong on any given issue, as long as they have come to a reasoned and rational decision based on the facts that were placed before them. And behaved in a way that the majority of their professional colleagues believe is reasonable in the circumstances. It is, of course, central to these considerations, that all actions are carefully and fully recorded in the patients notes Prescribing decisions 5.a critical discussion of influences on prescribing decisions. The area of prescribing for Mr Pickles is clearly important. To some extent, we have covered the reasoning behind the change of prescription earlier in this essay. There is a common misconception amongst many members of the public (and indeed many of the less experienced healthcare professionals) that the solution to every problem comes in the form of tablets on a prescription. The whole area of patient empowerment and education is often filled with issues of lifestyle change, healthy living, self care and positive thinking which can frequently be more effective that simply giving the patient a prescription. (Boule NG et al. 2001) In the context of the NHS, it is a common observation that sometimes a prescription is given because it is the most expedient short-term measure in a given situation, (Dawes RM et al. 1974), however, time invested in an explanation to a patient as to why other measures might be equally as important is rarely time wasted., (Corrigan B. 1974) Future management 6.consider your future prescribing activity based on experience gained from this case study. In any professional area of activity, the author likes to use the mechanism of reflective practice to allow a critical assessment of a past course of action to modify future actions when faced with a similar situation. (Gibbs, G 1988) On careful reflection of this case, I believe that I may have acted rather rashly in stopping the Atenolol as a first choice. On reflection, I believe that the Atenolol did need to be changed for any one of a number of other anti-hypertensive agents but I feel that, in retrospect, I would have been wiser to take advice from the surgical team before I made that decision. Further reflection and discussion with other healthcare professionals (Marks-Moran Rose 1996), suggested that another appropriate course of action would have been to stop the antihypertensive medication altogether for a short period. This is on the grounds that his hypertension was not severe and was hitherto well controlled. If the erectile dysfunction was simply a reflection of the fact that the medication was holding his blood pressure down to a level where erection could not easily occur, a few days off the medication may allow a transient increase in his blood pressure to the point that erection could occur. As long as one was careful to monitor his blood pressure to ensure that it did not rise too far, I have been advised that this would represent a reasonable therapeutic trial to establish whether the underlying causes were mainly physical or physiological.(Wagner G et al 1998). On the face of it, this does seem reasonable but I believe that I would have to take further advice before I was fully comfortable with that decision. It follows from what has already been discussed, that I also feel that I may have been too quick to consider the pharmacological interventions before making a complete holistic assessment of the patient. There are clearly a number of lifestyle adjustments that may be relevant here such as weight loss and increasing exercise and looking for a new focus in life (to minimise any element of depression) which would be comparatively easy to achieve with appropriate empowerment and education of the patient. (Funnell R et al 2004) All in all, this is not a straight forward case. There are many elements which require careful and considered assessment. I believe that it is one of those cases that helps to point out that although there is a huge emphasis to be placed on modern scientific understanding and application of medical principles, there is also a very large element of human understanding and caring that is so very important to the successful management of patients such as Mr Pickles (Waterlow J. 1998) References Ackerman MD, Carey MP. 1995 Psychologys role in the assessment of erectile dysfunction: historical precedents, current knowledge and methods. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 862-87 Barnes, Darryl E. 2004 Action Plan for Diabetes Copyright 2004 ISBN: 0736054596 Pub. Human Kinetics Illinois USA Beck J. 1995 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an overview. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 915-927. Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al. 2001 Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001;286:1218-27 Bowering (2001) Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy. Can Fam Physician. 2001 May;47:1007-16. Dawes RM, Corrigan B. 1974 Linear models in decision making. Psychol Bull 1974;81:95-106. Funnell, and Robert M. Anderson, (2004) Empowerment and Self-Management of Diabetes Clinical Diabetes 22:123-127, 2004 Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1988 Gregg, R. B. Gerzoff, C. J. Caspersen, D. F. Williamson, and K. M. V. Narayan (2003) Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among US Adults With Diabetes Archives of Internal Medicine, June 23, 2003; 163(12): 1440 1447. Gregoire 1999 ABC of sexual health: Assessing and managing male sexual problems BMJ, January 30, 1999; 318(7179): 315 317. Howe and Anderson 2003 Involving patients in medical education BMJ, Aug 2003; 327: 326 328. Hughes RAC. 2002 Regular review: Peripheral neuropathy BMJ, Feb 2002; 324: 466 469. Kissebah AH, Freedman DS, Peiris AN. 1999 Health risks of obesity. Med Clin North Am 1999; 73: 111-138 Marks-Moran Rose 1996 Reconstructing Nursing: Beyond Art and Science London: Balliere Tindall October, 1996 Nathan D. (1998) Some answers, more controversy, from UKPDS. Lancet 1998; 352: 832-833. Parker and Lawton 2003 Psychological contribution to the understanding of adverse events in health care Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003; 12: 453 457. Wagner G, Seanz de Tejada I. 1998 Update on male erectile dysfunction. BMJ 1998; 316: 678-682 Waterlow J. (1998) Prevention is better than cure. Nurs Times 1988; 84: 69-70 Appendix

The Origins Of Current U.s. Food Regulation - 1559 Words

The origins of current U.S. food regulation primarily date back more than 100 years to the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Since then significant issues continue to exist and remain prevalent in the United States. In fact, Patrick Paul, member of the Natural Resources Environment professes that in 2011, THE CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) put a report issuing that an estimated, â€Å"more than forty-eight million Americans become sick from contaminated food every year, one hundred thousand people require hospitalization due to food contamination and three thousand die from food contamination.† (Paul, 2013) Much of today’s current food regulatory measures stem from the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) as Paul notes. In†¦show more content†¦The continued safety of America’s food supply should not ask and demand for much. Another paramount importance concerning food safety is how many U.S. rural communities within the last few decad es since the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. They have found themselves face-to-face with enormous industrial livestock factories which include farm and rural community associations and environmental organizations. Heather claims several these communities delve into fighting against the corporate livestock factories that include farms, community, associations, and environmental organizations. She studies how anti-factory farm battles primarily in the mid-west U.S. deal with underlying struggles against emerging opposing organizations who invest heavily in livestock productions. Heather mentions what livestock corporations forget to mention openly to the public, however, was dealing with cost revenue and a confinement of animal production and slaughter. â€Å"In Sullivan County, Missouri, as in hundreds of rural counties across the country, concentrated and vertically integrated swine production brought problems of unanticipated proportions. The â€Å"hog hotels,† (Williams, 370) The emerging struggle against corporate swine production remains an understudied but necessary political narrative in U.S. politics. The fight against farm factories again has expanded throughout timeShow MoreRelatedDeangles, M. (2015). National Electronic Health Record819 Words   |  4 PagesNetwork Regulation and Synchronization of National and State Privacy Laws Needed to Increase Efficiency and Reduce Costs in Healthcare. Journal Of Legal Medicine, 36(3/4), 413-419. doi:10.1080/01947648.2015.1262194 The article focuses on the privacy laws associated with electronic health records (EHRs) and need to increase efficiency and cost reduction in healthcare. It explains that the federal government should regulate a national network of EHRs to minimize waste associated with the current EHR frameworkRead MoreThe Challenges Of Equal Ness1615 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights, to be fare. You then have the crisis of economics, food prices increasing and the difficulty in obtaining funds to feed ones family in certain developing countries. You also have the difficulty of gaining land to farm, women and men. But men can obtain credit to benefit the drought or the even leave to gain work in urban areas, but leaving women to suffer in what is identified as poverty, starvation. By 2050, food resources will have to become more available in order to feed an increasingRead More History and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of 19061232 Words   |  5 PagesHistory and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 As one of the primary federal consumer-protection laws in existence today, The Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a law that had two primary goals for food and drugs: (a) forbid harmful ingredients and additions and (b) demand labeling of ingredients to inform consumers. According to Janssen (1981), it was hoped that the enactment of this law wouldRead MoreChina s Financial Outlay For Health Care Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pages1:3 in spending on health care between the world’s two largest economies. In terms of US dollars spent per capita, China spends $636 relative to the world’s highest health care spending figure of $9,086 in the U.S. (The Commonwealth Fund, 2016, p.7). With a population exceeding that of the U.S. by over a billion people (The Commonwealth Fund, 2016, p.7), the quality of care provided to a significant portion of the world’s people can be called into question. As a consequence of the disparity in overallRead MoreCase Study : American Auto Industry1064 Words   |  5 Pagescompany is growing in its financial capital for massive production, research and development, creativity and innovative to contend competitors in the current market. Some companies set a huge amount of fund for research alone which will see them in mobilizing the trend in the environment.Considering the effect of emission and the Government regulation to mitigate this, the advent of other source of power to creates a non-carbon dioxide fuel to powered the engine. Not that the Government policy hasRead MoreEssay On Current Events In Nepal1650 Words   |  7 Pages Some of the major current events the Nepali are dealing with include the always volatile weather, which can cause drought or famine depending on the timing, as well as the formation of a solid political foundation. After large scale elections which are supposed to take place before the new year, Nepal’s constitution will allow for a return to elected prime ministers after a ten year period of control by Maoist insurgents ended in 2006 (The World Factbook). The current events that most obviouslyRead MoreThe Heart Of Atlanta Motel V United States1273 Words   |  6 Pagessensitive case during the 60’s with uprising of racial equality separation. Under commerce clause with Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act shows congress didn’t unconstitutionally exceeded its power. The civil rights act of 1875 was a generic regulation that didn’t help race relations in the US against minority rights and race relations. White individual took advantage over black’s perpetuated inferior accommodations, entitlement, and services. The owner ignored the federal commerce clause andRead More The Great Recession of 2007: Job Discrimination in the United States1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe recession of 2007, was the longest recession since the Great Depression (Homan Matthew s , 2008). With inflation occurring and the housing market in shambles, Americans struggled to live during this horrific period in U.S. history. Millions of Americans are out of work, and U.S. companies are hesitant to hire employees. Lawmakers change financial policies to provide recovery to the country. The financial bailout is used to aid banks and states to build infrastructure. The Federal Reserve is printingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1459 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rather lengthy application process to receive a visa or green card. Any foreigner living within the United States who does not possess such a legal document is considered an illegal immigrant, and, by law, should be deported to his country of origin. Also, as the United States has no tolerance for illegal immigration, any individual found illegally crossing the borders is also immediately deported. An illegal immigrants is not someone whom may be a threat or a burden to society. The governmentRead MoreEssay on Food Sustainability1216 Words   |  5 PagesIn food service it is important to realize and address hot button issues within the industry to begin to understand what the target market wants, increase revenue and decrease cost centers. In researching the increasingly pressing issue of food sustainability in global food service it was discovered that implementations are initially expensive and require large amounts of dedication but are ultimately huge factors in increasing brand loyalty and recognition and gaining popularity within the â€Å"green†

The Stroop s Stroop Experiment - 1308 Words

Introduction In 1935, John Ridley Stroop further researched and printed the whole idea of the Stroop effect which is also named after himself. The main purpose of the stroop experiment is to time how fast the participants are to respond to different coloured stimuli presented to them in different conditions. This measures the cognitive ability of the individuals involved as it tests the memory and focus. The work of John Ridley Stroop was originally a study that came from James McKeen Cattell (1991), his study was focused on how reading words takes less time than naming coloured objects which draws similarities to the stroop experiment. The main problem of the stroop experiment arises from colour naming and word reading due to the fact†¦show more content†¦This is an experiment based on cognitive functions, judging by normal human behaviour it is believed that the participants involved in the stroop test will react faster to words under the matched condition in comparison to the mismatched condition. The stroop test is focused on mental functions, based on usual human behaviour it is believed that the participants involved in the stroop test will react faster to words under the matched condition in comparison to the mismatched condition. The reaction time between the stimulus and the response will be longer when the font and the colour are different from each other. Methods Design The experimental design used for this experiment is a between group design. A between group design is an experiment that includes two or more groups of participants being tested at the same time. Independent variable: Matched and Mismatched conditions Dependent variable: Number of Correct answers Materials A computer was used for the whole experiment by the students, the computer was used for presenting the stimuli. The program used for the stroop test is named PowerPoint presentation which displayed the coloured words at the centre of the screen each on separate PowerPoint slides the otherShow MoreRelatedExperiment : Stroop s Stroop Effect1026 Words   |  5 Pages IB Psychology SL Internal Assessment May 2017 Word Count: Stroop Effect Abstract The aim of this experiment was to replicate the experiment Stroop (1935). This study was the basis of the Stroop effect, which says that common tasks such as identifying a color can be interfered by automated processes, such as reading. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Method Design Participants Materials Procedure Results Read MoreAn Experimental Investigation Into The Interference Of Conflicting Stimuli On A Response Task1510 Words   |  7 PagesStroop’s original experiment The Stroop Effect (Stroop, 1935). The aim of the study was to understand how automatic processing interferes with attempts to attend to sensory information. The independent variable of our experiment was the three conditions, the congruent words, the incongruent words, and the colored squares, and the dependent variable was the time that it took participants to state the ink color of the list of words in each condition. We used repeated measures for the experiment in order toRead MoreThe Stroop Effect On The Reaction Time1254 Words   |  6 Pagescolor of the word, if the word is in an incongruent word color. This cognitive phenomenon is more commonly known as the Stroop Effect. The Stroop Effect is a study that lead to the occurence where objects of incongruent context and word display are used to find th e reaction time it takes to determine the context of the word. The original way that is used to test the Stroop Effect is by printing a name of a color, in a varying font color. The purpose is to determine whether or not gender affectsRead MoreThe Effect Of Automatic Processes Interfering With Controlled Processes1552 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing you may be experiencing interference and this can inhibit cognitive processes. The effects of automatic processes interfering with controlled processes have been known to have been tested through something called a Stroop experiment. The revolutionary study by, Stroop (1935) used 5 different colors; purple, brown, green, blue, and red in a color-word naming task. Subjects had to say the color of the word while it was printed in different color ink. For example, the word â€Å"blue† would be writtenRead More Feedback Stress: Does Auditory Feedback Negatively Affect Performance on a Stroop Task?2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Stroop Effect In his historic study, Stroop found that reading names of colors interfered with individuals’ ability to name the ink color the word was printed in when the two differed (i.e., the word â€Å"BLUE† written in red ink) (1935). However, the basis of this phenomenon can be traced back to Cattell who found that naming colors and pictures took twice as long to accomplish than reading the word these colors or pictures represented (1886). He concluded that this was due to reading beingRead MoreThe Stroop Effect On Children1134 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract Despite there being so many stroop effects studies done, people might ask themselves where it came from, how is the procedure done, and what can it conclude. This literature review informs about John Ridley, the creator of the stroop effect. How he tested the performance of participants and after many years in psychology, devote his life to religion. Since then many psychologists have tried to answer the effects the stroop effect might have on anxious adults as well as childrenRead MoreConceptual Metaphor Theory ( Cmt )919 Words   |  4 Pagesmetaphorical representation in their mind. Further, conceptual congruency effect will occur while people process the stimuli what have conflict information with the color-emotion metaphorical representation in their mind. A couple of hypothesis-driven experiments will be conducted to achieve the following two specific aims. Specific Aim1: Investigate neural correlates of conceptual congruency effect in color-emotion metaphorical representation of English speakers. The brain mechanism of conceptual congruencyRead MoreInternal Assessment : The Stroop Effect2357 Words   |  10 Pages Psychology Internal Assessment The Stroop Effect â€Å"An experimental investigation into the interference of conflicting stimuli on a response task† Candidate Name: Grace Jo Candidate Number: ? (I don’t know my candidate number) Subject: Standard Level Psychology Date of Submission: School: Vanguard High School Word Count: 1488 Abstract The aim of this experiment was to replicate the Stroop Effect and to investigate the interference in the reaction time in hundredths of a secondRead MoreThe Psychology Of Art Dating1406 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Recent studies on psychology have allowed us to understand how individuals perceive and experience art. Although the psychology of art dating back before the 1600’s has been studied to an extent, psychologist have yet to truly understand contemporary art. The intentions of this research paper is to shed light on just some of the methodologies and connections contemporary artists may use in their work, and importantly, just how viewers interpret these details on a neurological and psychologicalRead MoreThe Stroop Effect2978 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract The aim of this experiment is to study autonomic processes by replicating the previously carried out Stroop effect by using numbers. A number of 180 random participants aged in between 18-89 were recruited to participate in this experiment. Participants were presented with a stroop experiment task sheet which consists of three parts which was the control, congruent and incongruent conditions. Time was taken and recorded for each participant to say out the number of stars in the control condition

Responsibility and Environmental Sustainability †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Social Responsibility and Environmental Sustainability. Answer: Introduction The power and politics have a key role to play in case of any business organization. In case of Nike, the power and politics have a special significance in the organization. This assignment highlights the sources of individual power in Nike, along with the conflicts that are faced by the organizational teams. This assignment highlights the power and politics in the sports organization Nike along with the effective leadership thatis needed for the organization Nike. The power and politics in any business organization is effective if the power is used effectively. The sources of power in any business organization includes, legitimate power, expert power, coercive power, referent power and reward power. Along with the individual power, the organizational power are also essential and has a special significance in the business organization Nike. The politics in a business organization has a significance. If the politics is used in the business in a positive manner, then the business could be enhanced in Nike. However, if the politics is used in a negative manner, then the business of Nike is doomed. The various sources of power needs to be used effectively in the business organization, such that the business could be enhanced. Misuse of power, in the business organization will result in decrease in the business of Nike. Few recommendations have been provided in this assignment. The recommendations include the engagement of Nike with other sports organizations. This will enhance the business f Nike, along with engagement of the promotional activities of Nike. The products of Nike could be promoted in the sponsorship events along with the engagement in the CSR activities. Moreover, launch of wearable fitness devices could also be launched by Nike, such that the fitness of the people could be tracked, using the wearable devices. Finally, promotional campaigns could also be done in order to successfully promote the products of Nike. Thus, these recommendations followed will enhance the business of Nike. Power in any organization is essential in order to guide the subordinates and ensure that the organizational goals are fulfilled successfully (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The power is often equally distributed among various people such that autonomy could be avoided. In the sports organization Nike, there are a various sources of power. The sources of power are: Legitimate power:The legitimate power is the power that is derived from the position that the person holds in an organization (Harper, 2015). This power has its source in the position that is given to a person by virtue of his job description. For example, the CEO of Bike and the various managers have legitimate power due to the position they hold in the organization (Odell, 2014). The CEO and the managers of Nike have adequate power to take various organizational decisions. Reward power:A person possesses this kind of powerwhen he has the ability to influence the allocation of rewards and incentives of others (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The people who are in position to determine who will receive the incentives and rewards, is said to posses reward power (Castells, 2013). If the person possessing the reward power uses it effectively, then the employees could be motivated effectively. Coercive power:The coercive power is the power that is possessed by a person with theability to threat or punish other people (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The person possessing the coercive power is feared by all as they may take up the path of favouritism and punish the people with whom they have enmity (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Thus, in Nike, the managers and the CEO are the possessors of coercive power. Referent power: A person by virtue of the interpersonal skills possesses this kind of power. A charismatic person having the power of influencing others is said to posses referent power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Moreover, the referent power is also derived from the personal connections of an individual.If a person has a good interpersonal connections with the CEO of a company, then the person is said to possess the referent power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). With the strength of the connections and the interpersonal skills, others respect a person having the referent power. Expert power:This power is acquired from knowledge and the expertisethat a person gains. The power of the knowledge and the experience in a particular field makes the person indispensable in an organization, thus making the person powerful than the others (Walsh, 2016).The subject matter experts and the technical managers could be considered as people having expert power (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The possession of the expert power is usually a stepping-stone for the possession of legitimate power. A person having the expert power is capable of performing the most critical tasks and hence is respected by all. In an organization, along with individual power, the organizational sources of power are also highlighted.The main sources of organizational power are as follows: Acquisition and the control of the resources The ability to cope up with uncertainty (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Centrality Non-substitutability Decision making process regulation and control Influence of your role as consultant on power of the organization As a consultant, I have adequate power onthe business organization. I have the legitimate power to review the works of Nike and the various departments that are operational in the business organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). I have the power of reviewing the various powers and the organizational politics. In the organization Nike, the political landscape is quite strong and has a strong influence on the working of the business organization (Chadwick, 2013). The positive side of the politics helps the organization to achieve the organizational goals through coordination and sharingof the ideas among the employees and the stakeholders (Camm, 2013). However, the negative view of the politics is manipulative and the employees use it for their own interests. Conflicts are common in any organization.Even in Nike, conflicts occur among the employees and even with the managers. The incidents of conflictsare described below: Conflicts might occur in the business organizations when there is a difference in opinion among the various people in possession of power. The conflict occurs regarding the feasibility of a particular show design (Wallensteen, 2015). While the technical team are of the opinion that the proposed design of a sports shoe is not feasible, the marketing department opines that such a product is new to the market and hence will be lucrative to the customers (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Conflicts mainly occur, when the interests collides. The key features of the conflicts are the differences in the perception of both the parties. Moreover, opposition in the ideas of both the parties are also an essential element of conflict (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The lack of ability of achievement of the organizational goals caused anger and frustration and hence conflicts occur (Fry Bjorkqvist, 2013). The various sources of conflicts include the following: Strategies used to manage conflict The structural strategies used to manage conflicts are the behavioural changes among the people of the organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Moreover, separating or mergingof the conflicting business units are also one of the strategies for conflict management (Fisher, Kelman Nan, 2013). Increase of the scare resource over which the conflict occurs is also an effective strategy. The process of decision-making is a critical one. The action of taking critical decisions is known asdecision-making.The process of decision-making has to be done criticallysuch that the organizational goals could be achieved successfully (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The process of decision-making has three basic models that assist in effective decision-making. These are: The rational model: This model is one of the best-known decision-making models and many people often consider it as a classical model (Daft, 2014). The features of this model include the clarity in problem, clarity in the objectives set by the organization as well as all the alternatives are known.The consequences are also anticipated in this model and there is no biasness in the recognition of the problem. The administrative model: This model is based on the mentioned below concepts. These are the sequential attention to the alternative solution, heuristics, satisfying (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The Administrative model examines the possible solutions and the best solution is finally chosen. Moreover, the search for the alternative solutions is searched in the areas that have the highest probability for the yield of success. This decision making model is an effective one. The retrospective decision-making model: This model highlights the models on how the decision makers take the decisions that are most appropriate and effective (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Organizational culture and manifestation of culture in the organization The organizationalculture is defined as the shared assumptions and values that govern the behaviour of the people in the organization. These are shared values and include the way people dress, behave and perform their jobs. The organizational culture has a key role playin the achievement of the organizational goals (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). The organizational culture has to be a positive one such that the organizational goals could be achieved.The positivity of the organizational culture includes encouragement of innovation, attention to details, empathetic communication, and coordination among the various teams. For example when the technical team and the production team work, they should work efficiently and in coordination such that the organizational goals could be achieved. Justification for Culture eats strategy for breakfast Peter Duckerrightly said that Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The reasons are as follows: The people of the organization are loyal to the organizational culture and not the strategy. Culture is successful in providing resilience in the tough times (McCleskey, 2014). The organizational culture is much more efficient than the organizational strategies Culture creates the organizational competitive differentiation (ALLE, 2015). The right organizational culture is able to spark contrarian business strategies (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). An organizational culture that is brittle is able to doom the organizational strategies. Thus, Peter Ducker that indeed has rightly mentioned it that Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The organisational culture needs to be managed and maintained by all the employees of the business organization (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014).The employees need to work effectively in maintaining the organizational culture. The basic structure of the organizational culture is usually retained (Sethuraman Suresh, 2014). However, with time, the organizational culture of Nike has evolved a lot. Moreover, the employees of Nike are adapted to a particular kind of organizational culture, and that culture has to be retained by the employees as well as the management of Nike (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Behavioural approach to leadership The trait theory of leadershipis an essentialbehavioural leadership approach that highlights the traits of an effective leader, in the business organization (Gregoire Arendt, 2014). This leadership theory could be applied to highlight the relationship between the personal traits of the leaders and the effective leadership. The leaders at Nike might use the transformational leadership style to manage the employees and lead them towards the fulfilment of the organizational goals (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Thus, it could be said that the power and politics along with the maintenance of organizational culture and effective leadership are essential for the effective operations of the sports organization Nike. The current part of the report focuses on providing the necessary recommendations that is needed to the Nike Company to have a specific organizational goal that helps in the matters related to organizational culture of the company. The clear rationale for each recommendation is also provided which will help in the matter of justifying the recommendations that are being applied within the company (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). One of the main cultural strategic plans of the Nike Inc. is to make Partnership with the most popular sports of a nation. For example in US the company forms Partnership with the National Basketball as most of the in the US region Basketball is the most popular form of sports, which has helped them to gain significant market share within the nation. The Nike has been the main sponsorship of in the Indian cricket jersey, which are also the most popular sports of the nation. Hence, in the past the company has used the strategy of sponsorship in the major sports organization of a nation. The brand image of the company also was in a healthy position. Thus flowing with the past company strategy, the Nike Inc. has able to make plan that helps in the strategy planning that helped them to deal with the partnership policies. With the next few years the company has needs to form partnership with the various sports association of Australia, which will help to gain popularity in that region. Few of the major sports of the Australian region include the Rugby league. The company needs to be the main sponsorship of the rugby league. The rugby sport is also one of the most important parts in the sports and lifestyle culture of the Australian. With the help of the rugby league, it is possible for the company to deal with the all the professional clubs of the Australian region. The National Rugby league is believed to be the most important sports event in Australia, which is the main source of attraction for all categories of sports lover of the nation (Frost et al., 2013). The company needs to have one of the most effective ways to deal with their relationship with the sports organization of Australia. The marketing manager of the company need to approach and held meeting with the professional rugby club and make them attractive offers about the benefit of having sponsorship with the Nike Inc. Being one of the most popular leagues of the country and also throughout the world, the National Rugby league of Australia attracts many companies to compete for the place of the title sponsorship (Misener Doherty, 2013). Hence it is important to have the best possible ways to deal with the title sponsorship. The Nike Inc. can offer free sports equipment and jerseys for all the professional clubs. From the point of view of the National club, it is important to have the well reputed brands as their primary sponsorship, which will help them to have high quality sports equipment. Due to the healthy reputation of the Nike brand, it is important for them to provide th e best quality equipment to the professional clubs. It can also be said in the context that innovative style of proposing the offer of sponsorship can also help them to seek the attention of the club official and franchise. The company can also offer medical support that is needed for the Rugby player of the clubs and also allow them to have the extra benefit of getting support from the club officials. The company can use the past reputation, which will allow them to easily seek the attention of all the famous professional clubs. One of the main aspect of forming the sponsorship and partnership with an organization is to have an official contract between the two organizations, which will help them to have the most important aspect of the sponsorship (Troilo et al., 2016). It is important from both the perspective of the management of Nike and also for the rugby club officials to ensure that all the clauses related to the sponsorship is carefully mentioned within the contract, which will ensure that the interest of both the groups have been protected. The legal aspect of the sponsorship and business partnership contract between two organizations can help to deal with all unethical and unfair means that can be adopted in the business process. With the help of most of the activities related legal aspect, it is important for the Nike Inc. to have a smooth business partnership with the professional clubs of Australia. With the help of the business contract, it is possible for the organization to fix the time of th e business contract and also ensure that they are able to fix upon every detail that is needed for the Nike Inc. to maintain their reputation (Macedo, et al., 2014). Good and effective source of information is an important aspect that is needed by the managers of Nike Inc. that is needed in the case related to most of the occasions to have an effective form of business partnership. They can also offer the best deal to the Australian rugby clubs. In this context, it can also be said that the Nike Inc. needs to import their logo in all the sports equipment and dress that will help them to raise the level of brand awareness among the people. One of the most important parts of the sports sponsorship is to have the latest updated information that will help the members of the Nike Inc. to change the policy of the partnership in order to get the full support of the professional business clubs. This will also help the professional clubs to deal with the business policies of the sports and also ensure that the sports business is able to make maximum profit as the popularity of the leagues increase within the nation. The management of the Nike Company also needs to have an effective communication strategy in order to have a healthy relationship with all the stakeholders of the rugby club of the national rugby league. The Nike Inc. being one of the major sports and fitness brand of the globe they have the responsibility to fulfill certain social duties. This will help the company to have higher reputation in the market. The current age more people are suffering from chronic diseases than ever before. Hence, there has been a strong increase among the people about involving themselves in various sports and physical activities. This has helped to raise the demand of various sports activities and sports equipment in the market. The Nike Company can use this business opportunity in order to increase their popularity within the sports and physical activity lovers. In order to fulfill their corporate social responsibilities Nike Corporation needs to organize various sports event in various countries which will help them to raise the awareness of public about the importance of physical fitness. Sports events will also encourage all types of people to participate in the sports activities and get information about physical fitness (Giulianotti, 2015). As more number of people are more number of people are willing to involve themselves in various sports activities it is important for Nike assist the people by providing various Sports Equipment and organizing public events. With the help of sports activities the Nike Corporation can increase the level of brand awareness. In the modern days the athletes and sports man put themselves to higher limit of the physical constraint in order to get better result and better physical fitness. Is a corporate social responsibility group, it is the duty of Nike to improve upon the quality of the sports goods and equipment, which will help the athletes and the sports person to have better assist in the sports activities. The better quality of sports equipment will also help to reduce the risk of injuries that are commonly associated with all sports and physical activities. It is highly recommend for a reputed organization like the Nike Inc. to use high quality materials in the sports equipment, which help them to ensure that the users gets maximum physical benefits due to the involvement of the sports goods (Heinze et al., 2014). The design of the sports goods needs to use the latest mode of technology can have a significant impact on the health of the sports persons and other athletes. As there is higher brand val ue that is involved in the process of sports, it is important for the Nike Inc. to have the most effective ways to deal with the consequence of the environmental degradation. The company needs to imply the mode of sustainable development, which will help to deal with the consequence of poor health of the individual. The use of the ecofriendly materials within the sports equipment will help the company to ensure that no harm is being caused to the health of the users and other sports personal. The management of the Nike Company needs to initiate the foundation program, which will aim to discover sports talent from all across the globe. The foundation program will also aim to make investment in the welfare activities of the financially weaker section of the society, who cannot make afford for the heavy cost of equipment that is needed in the higher level of sports. It is also the duty of the Nike Foundation to ensure that no people are denied of the sports equipment program. There also should be no discrimination among the sports man who are financially and economical weak. Moreover, it is also important in this context to have better source of income that can help the Nike Foundation to provide Full support to the financially and economically weaker section of the society. With the advancement of Technology in sports equipment the Nike Company must also initiate the manufacture of innovative style of sports goods in order to ensure that maximum possible utilisation is done to the sports person and they get full benefit of using high quality sports equipment. The innovative style of sports equipment can also help the athlete to get full benefit how the physical exercise. According toTrendafilova et al., (2013), it is important for a company to have high level of transparency with the people of the society, which will help them in the matters of the ethical issues. The company needs to provide regular and updated information that helps to maintain high level of transparency within the organisation. The management of Nike Company need to publish the financial status and also the detailed information about pricing of every sport goods that is being sold to the market. They also must share information related to the production and materials that are used in every sports goods. This will help the customers to have idea related to the quality of the products and also the effects of using the products for longer duration. In order to protect the environment from harmful degradation it is important for the company to have bio friendly production techniques and avoid the use of harmful chemicals. The company also has a strong responsibility towards the public in order to provide high quality sports materials and also ensure that physical fitness level for all the customers are properly gained. The company also needs to ensure that the employees and workers in the factory are working in healthy and safe environment and all the needs are fulfilled from the management. In the manufacturing unit it is important to have high level of safety protocols which will ensure that the risk involved in the factories are minimised with the help of proper safety guidelines. Hence minimising the environmental and health risk is one of the prime corporate social duties of Nike Company. In order to evaluate the future risk it is important for the company to have proper risk management system. Hence, with property valuation and risk management technique it is possible for Nike Company to use the theories related to corporate social responsibilities and also ensure that their reputation is maintained within the society as a responsible business organisation. The sustainable business development project of Nike Company can also help in future. This can help the company to attract possible investors and also ensure that they are able to raise the awareness among the people about the importance of their product in daily activities (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2014). With the change in the demand of sports Industry that is caused due to the innovative style of products it is important for the Nike Company to introduce new sports equipment in order to seek the attention of sports lover and other athletes. Hence, it is important for the company to use perfect model of promotional campaigns which will help to spread the popularity of the new and innovative style of sports goods and also ensure that the people and the customers of Nike get proper information that is related to the features of new products. It is also important in the context that the promotional campaign needs to be design in perfect manner in order to makes the launch of new products attractive. It is important for the company to choose the perfect place for the promotional launch program of a new product which will ensure that the popularity and news about the product launch reaches maximum number of people. The company can form partnership with various sports organiser events which will help to ensure that the promotional launch program can be of great success and is able to attract the attention of all sports lover people. The initial design and manufacturing process of the new product is the primary important factor that the Nike Company needs to consider. As more number of people are engaging themselves in physical activities and sports it is important for the Nike Company to introduce innovative style of sports goods. The innovative style of Sports Equipment also needs to encourage all types of people to engage in physical activities which are primary important requirement for all categories of people in modern day society. Moreover, to maintain the reputation of the company and also ensure that the customers can get the latest type of sports equipments, regular launch of new products with innovative style of manufacturing process is an important part of maintaining the reputation of the company (Thorpe, 2016). The location of the launch event is important in the context that, it will be a public event which aims to seek attention of maximum people. The overall planning process of the launch event needs to be effective. It is highly recommended for a reputed company like Nike to use the face of some famous sports personality in their launch event, which will help them to easily see the attention of all potential customers (RichelieuDesbordes, 2013). With the advancement of digital technology that is an important part of physical activities of everyday life it is important for the newly launched product of Nike to have high application about the use of digital equipment. The latest tracking device in sports equipment in is important in the context that it helps to measure various parameters related to Physical activities that includes the amount of calorie burn and total time spent in physical workout. The equipment can also provide information related to the amount of physical activity that is needed for every individual depending upon their physical condition and body weight. It is also possible for an individual to track that a health status using the latest equipment of sports goods. The Nike Company needs to ensure that the newly launched products can be used with the digital equipment that can help in the process of tracking the health status of an individual. Advanced level of sports kits and equipment are an important par t of all sportsman activities and professional athletes that helps them to deal with all the major sports activities (NuferNufer, 2016). The Nike+ program is one the major sports activity that is initiated by the company to deal with the latest trends and hence, it is important in the context that the sports goods needs to be high quality to provide better accuracy results related to the health status of an individual. With inaccurate results related to the health status of an individual there is high risk involved and hence it is important for all sports equipment to use high quality material that helps in accurate data prediction system about the health status of an individual. In the promotional program it is important for Nike Company to provide detailed information regarding the features of the new product and also it importance in the context of modern lifestyle of people that can help them to assist in all types of sports and physical activities. Moreover the use of the face of famous sports personality or any other celebrity can help the public understand the importance of using high quality sports equipment i n order to ensure and get maximum benefit of physical exercise activities. The night company is regarded as one of the most culturally diverse organisation which respects the sports and Lifestyle activities of every Nation across the globe. Hence, in the manufacturing process of new products it is important for the Nike Company to have effective style of marketing that is made according to the social and cultural trend of the local market and people. The materials that are used in the sports uniforms needs to have high quality substances that will help to reduce the exhaustion level of the sports person. Effective pricing strategy is also an important part that the company needs to launch during the time of new products introduction in a market (Geppert Drrenbcher, 2014). Hence, with the help of the above mentioned business policies it is possible for Nike Inc. to have effective cultural diversity and also maintain the reputation in the market. The three recommendations that are provided will be the part of the business planning process of Nike Inc. for the next upcoming 3 years. Conclusion The significance of power and politics have been highlighted in this assignment. The various sources of power in a sports organization namely Nike has been highlighted in this assignment. The various sources of individual power in the business organization includes the reward power, referent power, coercive power, legitimate power as well as the expert power in the organization. The organizational sources of power have also been highlighted in this assignment. The importance of the organizational culture has been felt, along with an in dept analysis of Peter Duckers statement Culture eats strategy for breakfast. The justification for this statement includes the loyalty of the employees towards the culture of the organization and not the strategy of the organization. Moreover, the right organizational culture is able to trigger the motivation and empowerment of the employees. Business strategies are likely to change with time. However, the culture of an organization remains. Moreover, the organizational culture is much more efficient than the organizational strategies. Hence, the statement made by Peter Ducker is true and is justified. Various recommendations have been provided for Nike. Nike might enter into a partnership with other sports organizations such that the enhancement of Nike could be done as a positive effect of working in partnership. Moreover, it is also recommended that Nike works towards the fulfilment of the social corporate responsibility as well as charitable events. This is recommended for Nike, in order to gain customer satisfaction as well as customer retention. The engagement of the social corporate responsibilities is important. Sponsorship of various sports events, is effective in customer retention and achieving customer satisfaction. The products of Nike will be promoted if the company engages in various social corporate responsibilities. The products of Nike should be promoted more in various sports events and sponsored events. This will enhance the business of Nike and ensure that more customers will buy the shoes and other products of Nike. Moreover, Nike could launch personal fitness wearables, such that the sportsmen using the products of Nike are able to track their fitness as well. Thus, it could be concluded that the business of Nike is enhanced with the following of the recommendations mentioned in this assignemnt. References ALLE, K. (2015). Culture eats strategy for breakfast. Anagnostopoulos, C., Byers, T., Shilbury, D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in professional team sport organisations: towards a theory of decision-making. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 259-281. Camm, T. W. (2013). Power and politics in organizations. Castells, M. (2013).Communication power.OUP Oxford. Chadwick, A. (2013).The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Fisher, R. J., Kelman, H. C., Nan, S. A. (2013).Conflict analysis and resolution. Frost, L., Lightbody, M., Halabi, A. K. (2013). Expanding social inclusion in community sports organizations: evidence from rural Australian football clubs. Journal of Sport Management, 27(6), 453-466. Fry, D. P., Bjorkqvist, K. (2013).Cultural variation in conflict resolution: Alternatives to violence. Psychology Press. Geppert, M., Drrenbcher, C. (2014). Politics and power within multinational corporations: Mainstream studies, emerging critical approaches and suggestions for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(2), 226-244. Giulianotti, R. (2015). Corporate social responsibility in sport: critical issues and future possibilities. Corporate Governance, 15(2), 243-248. Gregoire, M. B., Arendt, S. W. (2014). Leadership: Reflections over the past 100 years.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,114(5), S10-S19. Harper, C. (2015).Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Heinze, K. L., Soderstrom, S., Zdroik, J. (2014). Toward strategic and authentic Corporate Social Responsibility in professional sport: A case study of the Detroit Lions. Journal of Sport Management, 28(6), 672-686. Macedo, P., Madeira, R. N., Correia, A., Jardim, M. (2014). A Web System based on a Sports injuries model towards global athletes monitoring. In New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, Volume 2 (pp. 377-383). Springer International Publishing. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Misener, K., Doherty, A. (2013).Understanding capacity through the processes and outcomes of interorganizational relationships in nonprofit community sport organizations.Sport Management Review, 16(2), 135-147. Nufer, G., Nufer, G. (2016). Ambush marketing in sports: an attack on sponsorship or innovative marketing?.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 6(4), 476-495. Odell, J. S. (2014).US international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change. Princeton University Press. Richelieu, A., Desbordes, M. (2013).Sports teams and equipment manufacturers going international: The strategic leverage of co-branding.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 3(1), 63-77. Sethuraman, K., Suresh, J. (2014).Effective leadership styles.International Business Research,7(9), 165. Thorpe, H. (2016). Action sports, social media, and new technologies: towards a research agenda. Communication Sport, 2167479516638125. Trendafilova, S., Babiak, K., Heinze, K. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field. Sport Management Review, 16(3), 298-313. Troilo, M., Bouchet, A., Urban, T. L., Sutton, W. A. (2016). Perception, reality, and the adoption of business analytics: Evidence from North American professional sport organizations. Omega, 59, 72-83. Wallensteen, P. (2015).Understanding conflict resolution.Sage. Walsh, C. (2016).Gender and discourse: language and power in politics, the church and organisations. Routledge.

Indonesian Food free essay sample

Selmat Pagi kelas my name is Rebecca. Today I will be talking to you about Indonesian foods and what they like to eat. Suka makan apa? Which means what do you like to eat? Indonesians eat relatively simple but delicious meals. Indonesian food is essentially peasant cuisine – fresh, simple ingredients, combined with a blend of spices, resulting in a delicious, inexpensive meal. Eating only becomes a grand affair in Indonesia when communal feats are held to celebrate family occasions, such as weddings, funerals and circumcisions, or harvest and religious feasts. An Indonesian meal usually consists of a main rice (nasi) dish. Rice is the staple food in Indonesia. It is eaten 3 times a day. Many Indonesians do not feel they have eaten if they do not have rice for their meals. The rice is eaten with a combination of meat, fish, chicken, vegetable and egg side dishes. Some examples are Nasi goreng and nasi putih which is fried and boiled rice. We will write a custom essay sample on Indonesian Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many range of flavourings used in Indonesian cooking. Aromatic coriander and cumin, together with chillies, lemon grass, coconut, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) and palm sugar are all important flavourings. They are used a lot in Indonesian foods for taste. Indonesian food is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full of intense flavour and varied textures. With 6,000 islands, there is a huge range of regional specialties, but wherever you are in Indonesia, most meals, including breakfast, are based around rice. Traditionally, food is eaten using the fingers of the right hand (the left is considered unclean), hence the soft stickiness of their rice. However, in areas familiar with Westerners, cutlery will be provided – usually a spoon and a fork – but otherwise youll just have to do as the natives do. Some of Indonesian’s most famous dishes are Sate, nasi goreng and gado gado (vegetables with spicy peanut sauce). In conclusion I think that Indonesian food is delicious and the best food I ever eaten. When I went to Thailand we ate mostly the same food which was amazing. Thankyou for listening to my speech. hello

Conventional Media and the New Media Environment in Modern China

Conventional Media and the New Media Environment in Modern China Introduction With the emergence of telecommunication technology, the world is experiencing a major revolution in the communication sector. Theoretically, people are able to communicate with one another regardless of the distance separating them (Zhang, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conventional Media and the New Media Environment in Modern China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After several years of market reforms and development, China’s media had big changes in terms of communication models, management philosophy, and ownership. More importantly, however, these changes have also drastically altered the way in which the government, media, and the public interact. This paper looks at how the Chinese state is dealing with the ever increasing adoption of new media and what the state is doing to control the way citizens communicate and receive news whether local or international. Various situations are examined to help understand how the relationship between the Chinese state and the media has changed over the years as a result of development and reforms in the communication sector that has led to the expansion in the number, variety and ownership of media outlets (Shirk, 2011). The Impact of New Media To better understand the impact of new media on the Chinese state and how this has been and continues to be dealt with, different avenues of access to information will be examined to determine their effect. Specifically, Citizen News, Official Television News and Newspaper and the Internet use will be discussed. Citizen News In 2003, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Hu Jianto announced set of guidelines requiring that any news reporting be as close as possible to reality, close to livelihood, and close to the people. CCP further published a report that suggested a decreasing level of coverage on leaders’ activities (Hewitt, 2010). Unanimously, Chinese media researchers agree that innovations such as Citizen News and telling people’s stories are in line with CCP’s approach to propaganda. Citizen News later received recognition as a permissible type of news reporting for local Chinese television stations.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While some communications researchers feel that Citizen News is helpful in reinforcing the credibility of television news reporting, many do not believe it. These critics assert that Citizen News is full of trivial coverage such as family disputes, neighbor’s arguments, and cases of vandalism and cheating. Furthermore, critics are convinced that content that may be regarded as newsworthy is rarely covered by Citizen News. Despite the lack of attention to significant political news and social injustice, Citizen News programs do offer the general public a view of re al life, as well as an opportunity to speak out about different issues. Through the kind of news programs presented on Citizen News, mainstream propaganda and commercial culture are combined to create an atmosphere of caring about people’s livelihood and nurturing a harmonious society. As a result, sensors tend to be tolerant of such programs. In a similar manner, some audiences have gradually become dissatisfied with such comparatively shallow news coverage and are disheartened by their inability to find any serious news reporting on local television (Midford, 2011). Official Television News Official television news is news as represented by Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) news. All television stations in China are required to broadcast CCTV news on their main channels simultaneously. For example, cable television users in the Beijing area receive about fifty channels but more than thirty of them broadcast CCTV news from 7.00 to 7.30 pm every night. This central monopoly on national news coverage is generally well established. During the Cultural Revolution, the only news resource for the general public was the official media. National news was primarily reported on China National Radio every night at 8.00 pm and many people were regular listeners to the program. In the year 1982, the central government declared that any important news should be released first on CCTV news at 7.00 pm before being aired on any other media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conventional Media and the New Media Environment in Modern China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, the rule is still being in force. (Bittner, 2008). With the growing popularity and availability of television sets, more people tend to pay close attention to CCTV news. The results of a survey conducted in the Beijing area indicated that only 8.8 percent of the people said that they almost never watched CCTV news, 30.5 percent watched it at least three times per week, 30.7 percent watched it at least four or five times per week, and 25.7 percent watched it six to seven times per week (Shirk, 2011). Clearly, the requirement by the state that official news first be aired on CCTV news was a means of putting measures in place to control how citizens interact with media and to ensure that traditional media remained the only popular means of receiving news both locally and internationally. Newspaper and Internet Use In urban areas, newspapers are seen to be one of the most popular sources of news, ranking second after television. In Beijing, for example, about 80 percent of the residents read newspapers (Shen Breslin, 2010). Given that reading requires literacy, those who do not read any newspapers also indicate that they do not have the time to read newspapers and they already feel sufficiently informed by electronic media such as television or radio broadcasting. Generally, the Chinese citizens read newspap ers in the late afternoon or evening. Most people spend about forty two minutes reading newspapers on a daily basis (Hsing Lee, 2010). Considering that only a minority of Chinese readers subscribe to newspapers, most people usually get to read the newspapers at work or purchase them at a newspaper stand. Apparently, this habit makes it possible for Chinese readers to switch very frequently between newspapers and read a greater variety of them. Average readers peruse two newspapers but some report reading as many as ten different papers per day. While most readers have a clear preference for non official papers, only 36 percent of readers choose reading official newspapers (Shen Breslin, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As far as using the Internet is concerned, the Chinese citizens connect quite freely to the Internet within China despite being very much aware that their activities and messages may be monitored by the government (Scotton Hachten, 2010). Some researchers inside China, however, claim that the government is very effective in ensuring that foreign information does not reach its citizens. It is generally believed that the Chinese government is capable of blocking access to outside sites rather easily since all international traffic must pass through a small number of state controlled backbone networks. The government also has the technology in place that blocks web pages and cancels links that would lead to unacceptable sites ranging from pornography to international news (Scotton Hachten, 2010). Quite a number of people believe that Chinese Internet controls can easily be evaded. As the censors work in China to limit access to the Internet sites although individuals and teams overse as are determined to frustrate such efforts. Some Chinese researchers argue that due to social pressures and technological development, it is simply impossible to hide on the Internet. Another problem faced by censors is the lack of a clear policy regarding what is banned from the Internet. The speed of communication via this new media also makes it difficult for the Chinese government to execute any form of control on information flying around. The presence of the Internet and mobile phones in hands of the citizens facilitates a faster transfer of information making it difficult for the government to control what eventually is available to people. Media experts believe that official newspapers in China publish propaganda while non official papers publish what is regarded as real news. To media specialists, propaganda is based on subjective opinion aimed at guiding the reader in a certain direction and often omits important facts, while real news provides the audience with the compl ete story and includes negative aspects. To stay safe, the state is forever suppressing the efforts of the non official papers that are always making attempts to push the boundaries set by the state (Yu, 2009). Official media sources are considered to be experts on the position of the state and are aimed at manipulating public opinion. On the contrary, non official media sources are seen as reporting from the perspective of the public in a less biased way. Taking into account that media credibility requires high levels of both expertise and objectivity, official sources tend to rank lower in terms of credibility than non official ones. Unlike newspapers, however, the Web is a less popular information source. In the year 2009, less than 30 percent of Chinese citizens had access to Internet. The number is, however, growing at a very rapid pace. In the year 2008, for example, the number of Internet users grew by 41.9 percent. Most urban Chinese consent to the fact that their own lack o f skills and access to facilities constitute to the two main reasons for not being able to surf the Web. In addition, access to the Web requires a computer, which is still costly and unreachable for the majority. As a result, the proportion of the population who use the Internet is still quite low. However, reading the news is the second most frequently used online service. Currently, two important alternative means exist that allow citizens to go online. While some people would access the Web at work, others would do so through cyber cafes. Still others would use both alternatives depending on where one would be at a certain time. Effects of Operating Based on CCP’s Guidelines As the primary television propaganda machine, CCTV news has always adhered to the principle of publicizing the policies of the CCP and the government. Its reports focus on the activities of the Chinese leaders and political conferences. They are full of meaningless content and presented in an inflexibl e style. Rarely will information of real interest be aired through CCTV news. According to a survey undertaken by Professor Zhou Xiaopu of Renmin University in Beijing, political news coverage accounted for 52.3 percent of the program and it mostly involved CCP leaders’ activities, propaganda campaigns, and political announcements. International news on the other hand accounted for 7.3 percent and was always placed at the end of the program. In addition, studies have shown that, on average, events are reported on CCTV news two days after they actually had happened. State Controlled Transparency Controlled transparency is one of the tactics which for a very long time has been employed by the Chinese government to guarantee the continued existence of traditional Chinese media. By ensuring that citizens are mostly confined to state controlled media, the penetration of new media in the China is certainly suppressed. Over the years, senior court officials have repeatedly emphasize d the importance of greater transparency in China’s courts. As noted by the Supreme People’s Court, there is need to police the courts. Every single court is required by the state to voluntarily release information about important cases, cease being passive in response to media coverage, and strengthen their propaganda systems so as to lead the media to report positively about the courts (Yu, 2009). Similarly, his predecessor spoke of the importance of courts opening themselves to media supervision and balancing legal outcomes with the needs of the nation and the CCP. In May 2009, the Supreme People’s Court issued directions to lower courts concerning implementation of the concept of justice for the people, calling on courts to respond quickly to negative reporting, in order to improve relations with the media and to voluntarily provide tips to the media with the intention of encouraging positive coverage. These comments and rules reflect two strategies that hav e been used by courts in response to increased media pressure. Courts have spoken of the importance of supervision and have publicly welcomed greater coverage. At the same time, however, courts have stepped up efforts to manage information flow to the media, attempting to control access to the courts as well as the content of news reports about the courts. Regulations adopted by the Supreme People’s Court in 1999 state that most cases should be made open to the public and the media but also include numerous vague exceptions and require reporters to obtain advance permission from the court hearing the case. Practically, the regulations give judges and courts significant discretion to deny access to the media. Courts have also become proficient when it comes to encouraging positive media coverage. They frequently draft articles for the media or provide details about cases to journalists. Courts reward judges with praise and bonuses for obtaining positive coverage or for authori ng articles that help to strengthen the courts’ public image. Many courts also require local media to seek approval of articles from either court propaganda officials or the judges hearing a particular case prior to running a report (Reilly, 2008). Failure to seek approval can result in journalists being barred from further reporting on the court. In 2006, the Supreme People’s Court also announced that it was creating an official press secretary and that judges were henceforth forbidden from speaking to the media without prior approval. In solidarity, local courts also implemented the same. This has, however, not been received well by media commentary which has portrayed the system as an effort to restrict critical coverage as it stops other judges from speaking to the media. As such, the courts have been criticized as being afraid of media scrutiny. Although the media are allowed to cover cases once they have been decided, regulations strongly oppose reports that diff er in opinion from the courts and in effect banning criticisms of decisions made by the court. In 2005, the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Broadcasting prohibited television and radio stations from reporting on cases while they are still pending and forbid local media from covering events outside their home jurisdiction. Repeatedly, the Supreme People’s Court officials have stated that in sensitive or high profile cases, the courts speak with a unified voice and only official spokespeople are allowed to talk to the media. In support of all these regulations, judges argue that controls on media coverage are extremely necessary so as to prevent biased reporting. On the other hand, however, journalists complain that judges are increasingly using the rhetoric of judicial independence to prevent media oversight of the courts. Although numerous defamation related cases have been presented before Chinese courts, a significant portion were against the media. To the media, i t appears that defamation litigation is being used as a new form of control to ensure that media practitioners are forced to toe the line. According to Shirk (2011), there are four trends that can help to explain the impact of defamation litigation on the Chinese media. First, both anecdotal and empirical evidence suggest that the media often lose the majority of cases brought against them. The vagueness of Chinese defamation law is blamed for facilitating decisions against the media and for allowing the courts to find the media liable for even very small errors. Second, defamation litigation is now a significant means of retaliation by targets of public opinion supervision. This is well reinforced by making sure that numerous cases are brought by officials or state or CCP entities in response to critical coverage (McCargo, 2003). Individuals and corporations have been made to bring suit in response to critical reports that are designed both to retaliate against the media and to blo ck further reporting. Courts and judges themselves have brought a small number of defamation cases in response to critical coverage. Despite the different perceptions of media credibility, it is important to note that most Chinese citizens widely accept the need for propaganda for the collective benefit. The widespread acceptance of the propaganda has drawn together people with divergent and possibly incompatible positions on media control but willing to accept it for the sake of ensuring social stability. Similarly, it would be wrong to conclude that official media sources do not serve an important function in Chinese society (Thorburn, Jenkins Seawell, 2004). Although it is common knowledge that official news organs aim to manipulate public opinion, they are useful for learning the goals and policies of the government. The cost of obtaining official news is also comparatively low for individuals given that they have access to such information sources at the workplace. Furthermore , ordinary citizens will also prefer such sources when they have incentives to seek out information about the position of the government. The utility of official sources does not, however, imply that they are perceived as being credible. Nevertheless, the credibility issue is of great concern to the officials spreading propaganda, who are worried about their credibility to guide public opinion thorough the media. Chinese political leaders continue to regard the news media as a necessary instrument to hold China together and to push forward reform policies. Chinese communication researchers have, therefore, been hesitant to report public opinion data that suggests the low credibility of official media sources (Mansell Raboy, 2011). Although official media still give non official media a sense of direction for news reporting, non official media still prevails in terms of the ability to influence public opinion. This notwithstanding, non official media outlets are always regarded as t roublemakers by the Chinese officials rather than as useful tools to guide public opinion. Officials have become particularly concerned about the role of the non official media in challenging the official line of the state and serving as catalysts of public opinion crises (Reilly, 2008). However, it is the perceived disassociation from the government that lends credibility to the nonofficial media, improving their ability to influence public opinion. Ironically, media challenges to state control can boost the ability of the state to manipulate public opinion as long as the state retains some control over news content and can deter media outlets from deviating too strongly from the official line. Citizens’ Views on Restrictions Placed on News Content Studies by Waldman (2011) indicated that public perceptions of media outlets matter a great deal to the Chinese government and especially when a person’s beliefs strongly diverge from the official line of the state. As poin ted out earlier, despite their lower levels of credibility, official sources still remain useful to individuals who need to know the official position of the government regarding different national issues. It may appear that this is an approach taken by the government to see to it that control systems put in place function effectively. Conclusion State control of Chinese media is nothing of a secret. Despite the commercialization of media in China, journalists and editors claim that all news media are owned by the state and have not brought any form of independence. There is nothing like fully commercialized or private media in China. As a way of ensuring that traditional Chinese media is not swallowed by the new media the Chinese government has had to make radical decisions that have made it possible to keep the activities of the private media under check. Through discussions presented in this paper, one can clearly notice that to a great extent, the Chinese government has been abl e to ensure that traditional media remained relevant to its people in the presence of stiff competition in an environment filled with incredible new technology (Waldman, 2011). Even though China’s courts are not unique in restricting media coverage and that many Western countries impose significant limitations on coverage of pending cases, such restrictions may be quite damaging in China, given the very limited history of transparency in the legal system and the numerous problems that continue to undermine the authority and the ability of the courts (Gascoyne-Cecil, 1912). Efforts to restrict media coverage are just one example of the general attempt by the China to create a system of controlled transparency. Like other state actors, China’s courts claim that they are open to scrutiny and are thus deserving of the public trust, while at the same time they are restricting and manipulating the information available to the public. Reference List Bittner, F 2008, Advertisi ng in a Changing China. Books on Demand, Tennessee, USA. Gascoyne-Cecil, W 1912, Changing China. Daniel Appleton and Company, New York. Hewitt, D., 2010, Getting Rich First: Life in a Changing China. Random House, New York. Hsing, Y. Lee, C. K 2010, Reclaiming Chinese Society: The New Social Activism, Taylor Francis, New York. Mansell, R. Raboy, M 2011, The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Polic,. John Wiley Sons Inc, Malden. McCargo, D 2003, Media and Politics in Pacific Asia. Routledge, New York. Midford, P 2011, Rethinking Japanese Public Opinion and Security: From Pacifism to Realism? Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Reilly, J. M 2008, The Role of Public Opinion in Chinas Japan Policy: 1997- 2007. ProQuest, Seattle. Scotton, J. F. Hachten, W. A 2010, New Media for a New China. John Wiley Sons, Malden. Shen, S. Breslin, S 2010, Online Chinese Nationalism and Chinas Bilateral Relations, Lexington Books, Maryland. Shirk, S. L 2011, Changing Media, Changing China. Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Thorburn, D., Jenkins, H. Seawell, B 2004, Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition, MIT Press, Massachusetts. Waldman, S 2011, Information Needs of Communities: The Changing Media Landscape in a Broadband Age, Diane Publishing, Darby. Yu, H 2009, Media and Cultural Transformation in China, Taylor Francis, New York. Zhang, X 2009, Chinas Information and Communications Technology Revolution: Social Changes and State Responses, Taylor Francis, New Delhi, India.